Modern-day Urinalysis; Combining Enhanced Chromatography with High Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry to Discover Potential Prostate Cancer Biomarkers in Human Urine

Today, urinalysis plays a crucial role in identifying disease-associated biomarkers, particularly for conditions where early detection is crucial. In oncology, urine-based assays are being developed for cancers such as bladder, prostate, kidney, and even systemic malignancies. These assays leverage signatures such as extracellular vesicles, circulating tumor DNA, metabolites, and protein fragments. Machine learning and high-throughput analytical platforms now integrate urinary biomarker profiles to enhance diagnostic accuracy, predict disease progression, and guide personalized therapies. This study describes the utilization of enhanced chromatography and high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the discovery of potential prostate cancer biomarkers in urine.